Nanobodies,also known as single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) or VHHs, are unique antibody fragments derived from heavy-chain only antibodies found in camelids like alpacas and llamas.

With a small molecular weight (~15 kDa) and simple structure, nanobodies offer exceptional antigen binding affinity and remarkable stability under extreme conditions, making them superior to conventional monoclonal antibodies in many applications. Their compact size enables deeper tissue penetration and access to hidden epitopes, enhancing diagnostic imaging techniques such as immunofluorescence and super-resolution microscopy. Nanobodies have revolutionized therapeutic research, culminating in the approval of the first nanobody-based drug, Caplacizumab, in 2018. They are extensively studied for diagnostics and therapeutics across diverse fields including cancer, neurodegenerative, infectious, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. Their ease of production, engineering versatility, and ability to form multivalent and multispecific constructs further expand their clinical potential, positioning nanobodies as powerful tools for next-generation biopharmaceuticals and precision medicine.